Šioje pamokoje jūs sužinosite, kas yra netaisyklingi veiksmažodžiai ir susipažinsite su dažniausiai vartojamais iš jų.
Anglų kalboje dauguma veiksmažodžių yra taisyklingi ir antroje bei trečioje formoje turi galūnę –ed arba –d. Tačiau yra dalis veiksmažodžių (apie 500), kurie yra netaisyklingi ir nepaklūsta šiai taisyklei.
BAD NEWS!
Bloga naujiena!
Šie veiksmažodžiai neturi jokių taisyklių, ir juos tiesiog reikės išmokti.
GOOD NEWS!
Gera naujiena!
dažnai kalboje vartojamų netaisyklingų veiksmažodžių yra ne tiek ir daug – apie 100-200, priklausomai nuo vartojimo aplinkos.
Iš praktikos galima pasakyti, kad kuo dažniau tie veiksmažodžiai sutinkami tekste ar šnekamojoje kalboje, tuo labiau įsisavina, iki tokio lygio, kad atsigula į „pasąmonę“ ir žmogus atskirai nebegalvoja, ar veiksmažodis netaisyklingas.
Dažnai vartojamų netaisyklingų veiksmažodžių formų lentelė:
| Pirma forma | Tarimas | Antra forma | Tarimas | Trečia forma | Tarimas | Vertimas |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| be | [by] | was, were | [uoz, uer] | been | [byn] | būti |
| beat | [byt] | beat | [byt] | beaten | [byten] | mušti |
| become | [bikam] | became | [bikeim] | become | [bikam] | tapti |
| begin | [bigin] | began | [bigen] | begun | [bigan] | pradėti |
| bite | [bait] | bit | [bit] | bitten | [biten] | kąsti |
| blow | [blou] | blew | [bliu] | blown | [bloun] | pūsti |
| break | [breik] | broke | [brouk] | broken | [brouken] | laužyti |
| bring | [bring] | brought | [brot] | brought | [brot] | atnešti |
| build | [bild] | built | [bilt] | built | [bilt] | statyti |
| burn | [biorn] | burnt | [biornt] | burnt | [biornt] | degti |
| buy | [bai] | bought | [bot] | bought | [bot] | pirkti |
| catch | [keč] | caught | [kot] | caught | [kot] | gaudyti |
| choose | [čiūz] | chose | [čiouz] | chosen | [čiouzen] | rinktis |
| come | [kam] | came | [keim] | come | [kam] | ateiti |
| cost | [kost] | cost | [kost] | cost | [kost] | kainuoti |
| cut | [kat] | cut | [kat] | cut | [kat] | pjauti |
| deal | [dyl] | dealt | [dėlt] | dealt | [dėlt] | turėti reikalų |
| dig | [dig] | dug | [dag] | dug | [dag] | kasti |
| do | [du] | did | [did] | done | [dan] | daryti |
| draw | [dro] | drew | [driū] | drawn | [dron] | piešti, braižyti |
| drink | [drink] | drank | [drenk] | drunk | [drank] | gerti |
| drive | [draiv] | drove | [drouv] | driven | [driven] | vairuoti |
| eat | [yt] | ate | [eit] | eaten | [yten] | valgyti |
| fall | [fol] | fell | [fel] | fallen | [folen] | kristi |
| feel | [fyl] | felt | [felt] | felt | [felt] | jausti |
| fight | [fait] | fought | [fot] | fought | [fot] | kovoti |
| find | [faind] | found | [faund] | found | [faund] | surasti |
| fly | [flai] | flew | [fliu] | flown | [floun] | skristi |
| forbid | [forbid] | forbade, forbad | [forbeid, forbed] | forbidden | [forbiden] | uždrausti |
| forget | [foget] | forgot | [fogot] | forgotten | [fogoten] | užmiršti |
| forgive | [fogiv] | forgave | [fogeiv] | forgiven | [fogiven] | atleisti |
| freeze | [fryz] | froze | [frouz] | frozen | [frouzen] | šalti |
| get | [get] | got | [got] | got | [got] | gauti |
| give | [giv] | gave | [geiv] | given | [given] | duoti |
| go | [gou] | went | [uent] | gone | [gon] | eiti |
| grow | [grou] | grew | [griu] | grown | [groun] | augti |
| hang | [heng] | hung | [hang] | hung | [hang] | kabėti |
| have | [hev] | had | [had] | had | [had] | turėti |
| hear | [hyr] | heard | [hiord] | heard | [hiord] | girdėti |
| hide | [haid] | hid | [hid] | hidden | [hiden] | slėpti(s) |
| hold | [hould] | held | [held] | held | [held] | laikyti |
| hurt | [hiort] | hurt | [hiort] | hurt | [hiort] | sužeisti |
| keep | [kyp] | kept | [kept] | kept | [kept] | laikyti |
| know | [nou] | knew | [niū] | known | [noun] | žinoti |
| lay | [lej] | laid | [leid] | laid | [leid] | dėti |
| lead | [lyd] | led | [lėd] | led | [lėd] | vadovauti |
| learn | [liorn] | learnt (learned) | [liornt (liornd)] | learnt (learned) | [liornt (liornd)] | mokytis |
| leave | [lyv] | left | [left] | left | [left] | palikti |
| lend | [lend] | lent | [lent] | lent | [lent] | skolinti |
| let | [let] | let | [let] | let | [let] | leisti |
| lie | [lai] | lay | [lei] | lain | [lein] | gulėti |
| lose | [lūz] | lost | [lost] | lost | [lost] | pralaimėti |
| make | [meik] | made | [meid] | made | [meid] | padaryti |
| mean | [myn] | meant | [ment] | meant | [ment] | reikšti |
| meet | [myt] | met | [mėt] | met | [mėt] | susitikti |
| pay | [pei] | paid | [peid] | paid | [peid] | mokėti pinigus |
| put | [put] | put | [put] | put | [put] | padėti (daiktą) |
| read | [ryd] | read | [rėd] | read | [rėd] | skaityti |
| ride | [raid] | rode | [roud] | ridden | [riden] | joti |
| ring | [ring] | rang | [reng] | rung | [rang] | skambinti |
| rise | [raiz] | rose | [rouz] | risen | [rizen] | keltis |
| run | [ran] | ran | [ren] | run | [ran] | bėgti |
| say | [sei] | said | [sed] | said | [sed] | sakyti |
| see | [sy] | saw | [so] | seen | [syn] | matyti |
| seek | [syk] | sought | [sot] | sought | [sot] | ieškoti |
| sell | [sell] | sold | [sold] | sold | [sold] | parduoti |
| send | [send] | sent | [sent] | sent | [sent] | siųsti |
| shake | [šeik] | shook | [šiuk] | shaken | [šeiken] | kratyti |
| shine | [šiain] | shone | [šion] | shone | [šion] | šviesti |
| shoot | [šiūt] | shot | [šiot] | shot | [šiot] | šauti |
| show | [šiou] | showed | [šioud] | shown | [šioun] | rodyti |
| shut | [šiat] | shut | [šiat] | shut | [šiat] | uždaryti |
| sing | [sing] | sang | [seng] | sung | [sang] | dainuoti |
| sit | [sit] | sat | [set] | sat | [set] | sėdėti |
| sleep | [slyp] | slept | [slėpt] | slept | [slėpt] | miegoti |
| speak | [spyk] | spoke | [spouk] | spoken | [spouken] | kalbėti |
| spend | [spend] | spent | [spent] | spent | [spent] | išleisti |
| spoil | [spoil] | spoilt, spoiled | [spoilt, spoild] | spoilt, spoiled | [spoilt, spoild] | gadinti |
| spread | [sprėd] | spread | [sprėd] | spread | [sprėd] | skleisti |
| stand | [stend] | stood | [stud] | stood | [stud] | stovėti |
| steal | [styl] | stole | [stoul] | stolen | [stoulen] | vogti |
| stick | [stik] | stuck | [stak] | stuck | [stak] | klijuoti |
| strike | [straik] | struck | [strak] | struck | [strak] | mušti |
| swear | [suer] | swore | [suor] | sworn | [suorn] | prisiekti |
| swim | [suim] | swam | [suem] | swum | [suam] | plaukti |
| take | [teik] | took | [tuk] | taken | [teiken] | imti |
| teach | [tyč] | taught | [tot] | taught | [tot] | mokyti |
| tear | [tėr] | tore | [tor] | torn | [torn] | plėšyti |
| tell | [tel] | told | [told] | told | [told] | pasakyti |
| think | [think] | thought | [thot] | thought | [thot] | galvoti |
| throw | [throu] | threw | [thriū] | thrown | [throun] | mesti |
| understand | [anderstend] | understood | [anderstud] | understood | [anderstud] | suprasti |
| wake | [ueik] | woke, waked | [uouk, ueikt] | woke(n) | [uouk(en)] | pabusti |
| wear | [uer] | wore | [uor] | worn | [uorn] | dėvėti |
| weep | [uyp] | wept | [uept] | wept | [uept] | verkti |
| win | [uin] | won | [uon] | won | [uon] | laimėti |
| write | [rait] | wrote | [rout] | written | [riten] | rašyti |
Įdomus dalykas yra tai, kad kai kurie iš šių veiksmažodžių turi kelias netaisyklingas formas, ypač praeities dalyvio. Pavyzdžiui, “lit” įrašytas kaip veiksmažodžio “light” praeities dalyvio forma, tačiau “lighted” taip pat yra tinkama šio veiksmažodžio praeities dalyvio forma.
Panašiai ir “shaken” bei “shook” yra abi veiksmažodžio “shake” praeities bendraties formos. Dėl šių netaisyklingų veiksmažodžių formų skirtumų gali būti sudėtinga išmokti ir taisyklingai vartoti jas kalboje ir raštuose.
Rečiau pasitaikiančių netaisyklingų veiksmažodžių formų lentelė:
| Pirma forma | Tarimas | Antra forma | Tarimas | Trečia forma | Tarimas | Vertimas |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| beseech | bih-seech | besought | bih-sawt | besought | bih-sawt | maldauti |
| betide | bih-tahyd | betided | bih-tahyd-ed | betided | bih-tahyd-ed | atsitikti |
| bide | bahyd | bided | bahyd-ed | bided | bahyd-ed | laukti |
| bind | bahynd | bound | bahynd | bound | bahynd | su(si)rišti |
| breed | breed | bred | bred | bred | bred | veisti |
| chide | chahyd | chid | chid | chidden | chid-n | barstyti |
| cling | kling | clung | kluhng | clung | kluhng | lipti |
| clothe | klohth | clad | klæd | clad | klæd | apsiauti |
| crow | kroh | crew | kru | crowed | kroh-d | giedoti |
| dig | dig | dug | duhg | dug | duhg | kasti |
| drink | drink | drank | dræŋk | drunk | drʌŋk | gerti |
| dwell | dwel | dwelt | dwelt | dwelt | dwelt | gyventi |
| fling | fling | flung | flʌŋ | flung | flʌŋ | mesti |
| grind | grahynd | ground | grahynd | ground | grahynd | malti |
| heave | heev | hove | hohv | hove | hohv | kelti, mesti |
| knit | nit | knit | nit | knit | nit | megzti |
| know | noh | knew | nuh | known | nohn | žinoti |
| mow | moh | mowed | mohd | mown | mohn | pjauti |
| plead | pleed | pled | pled | pled | pled | prašyti |
| prove | proov | proved | proovd | proven/proved | proovn/proovd | įrodyti |
| quell | kwel | quelled | kweld | quelled | kweld | nustumdyti |
| quit | kwit | quit | kwit | quit | kwit | liautis |
| rid | rid | rid | rid | rid | rid | atsikratyti |
| rive | rahyv | rived | rahyvd | riven | rihv-n | plėšti |
| seek | seek | sought | sawt | sought | sawt | ieškoti |
| shed | shed | shed | shed | shed | shed | mesti (asaras) |
| slay | sley | slew | slu | slain | sley-n | nužudyti |
| slide | slayd | slid | slid | slid | slid | slysti |
| smite | smayt | smote | smoht | smitten | smit-n | kirsti, mesti |
| sow | soh | sowed | sohd | sown | sohn | sėti |
| speed | speed | sped | sped | sped | sped | skubėti |
| spell | spel | spelled/spelt | spel-d/spelt | spelled/spelt | spel-d/spelt | rašyti |
| spill | spill | spilt | spilt | spilt | spilt | išpilti |
| spin | spin | spun | spʌn | spun | spʌn | versti (siūlus) |
| spit | spit | spat | spæt | spat | spæt | spjauti |
| split | split | split | split | split | split | plyšti |
| spoil | spoyl | spoilt/spoiled | spoilt/spoyld | spoilt/spoiled | spoilt/spoyld | sugadinti |
| spring | spring | sprang | spræŋ | sprung | sprʌŋ | šokti, kilti |
| stave | steyv | stove | stohv | stove | stohv | sudužti |
| sting | sting | stung | stʌŋ | stung | stʌŋ | gelti |
| stink | stink | stank | stæŋk | stunk | stʌŋk | smirdėti |
| strive | strive | strove | strov | striven | striv-n | siekti |
| swear | swair | swore | swor | sworn | sworn | prisiekti |
| sweep | sweep | swept | swept | swept | swept | šluoti |
| swell | swel | swelled | swel-d | swollen | swol-n | patinti |
| swim | swim | swam | swæm | swum | swʌm | plaukti |
| swing | swing | swung | swʌŋ | swung | swʌŋ | svirduliuoti |
| take | teyk | took | tʊk | taken | teyk-n | imti |
| teach | tič | taught | tot | taught | tot | mokyti |
| tear | tɛr | tore | tor | torn | tɔrn | plyšti |
| tell | tel | told | tohld | told | tohld | pasakyti |
| think | think | thought | thɔt | thought | thɔt | galvoti |
| thrive | thraiv | throve | thrʌv | thriven | thriv-n | klestėti |
| throw | throh | threw | thru | thrown | throhn | mesti |
| thrust | thrʌst | thrust | thrʌst | thrust | thrʌst | stumti |
| tread | tred | trod | trɒd | trodden | trɒd-n | žengti |
| understand | ʌndərstænd | understood | ʌndərstʊd | understood | ʌndərstʊd | suprasti |
| uphold | ʌphold | upheld | ʌphold | upheld | ʌphold | tvirtai laikyti |
| upset | ʌpset | upset | ʌpset | upset | ʌpset | nuliūdinti, sukrėsti |
| wake | weyk | woke | wohk | woken | wohk-n | pabusti |
| wear | wɛr | wore | wɔr | worn | wɔrn | nešioti, dėvėti |
| weave | wi:v | wove | wov | woven | wov-n | piesti |
| wed | wed | wedded | wed-d | wedded | wed-d | vesti (apie santuoką) |
| weep | wi:p | wept | wept | wept | wept | verkti |
| win | win | won | wʌn | won | wʌn | laimėti |
| wind | waind | wound | wʊnd | wound | wʊnd | sukurti, suvynioti |
| wear | wɛr | wore | wɔr | worn | wɔrn | nešioti, dėvėti |
| weave | wi:v | wove | wov | woven | wov-n | piesti |
| wed | wed | wedded | wed-d | wedded | wed-d | vesti (į santuoką) |
| weep | wi:p | wept | wept | wept | wept | verkti |
| win | win | won | wʌn | won | wʌn | laimėti |
| wind | waind | wound | wʊnd | wound | wʊnd | sukurti, suvyn |
| withdraw | wɪðdrɔ | withdrew | wɪðdru | withdrawn | wɪðdrɔn | atsiimti, nusitraukti |
| withhold | wɪðhould | withheld | wɪðhɛld | withheld | wɪðhɛld | sulaikyti, susilaikyti |
| withstand | wɪðstænd | withstood | wɪðstʊd | withstood | wɪðstʊd | atlaikyti, ištverti |
| wring | rɪŋ | wrung | rʌŋ | wrung | rʌŋ | išspausti, sukti |
| write | raɪt | wrote | roʊt | written | rɪtn | rašyti |
| X-rayed | eksreɪd | X-rayed | eksreɪd | X-rayed | eksreɪd | apšviesti rentgeno spinduliais |
| yearn | jɜrn | yearned | jɜrnd | yearned | jɜrnd | trokšti |
| yodel | joʊdl | yodeled | joʊdld | yodeled | joʊdld | jodinėti |
| zap | zæp | zapped | zæpt | zapped | zæpt | elektra smogti |
| zinc | zɪŋk | zinc | zɪŋk | zinc | zɪŋk | apdengti cinku |
| zoom | zu:m | zoomed | zu:md | zoomed | zu:md | skristi dideliu greičiu |
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